The Side Effects Of Mass Incarceration Essay - 1963 Words

Introduction The United States’ ever-expanding prison and jail population has brought about many questions regarding the side-effects of mass incarceration, namely involving the effects on the children and families from which those incarcerated are removed. Regardless of the perspectives on the appropriate position of incarceration in the criminal justice system, imprisonment disrupts many positive and nurturing relationships between parents and their children. In fact, more than 1.7 million children have a parent who is incarcerated in a state or federal prison as of 2007 (Glaze Maruschak, 2008). These youths are at risk for developing behavior and school problems in addition to insecure attachment relationships. Parental incarceration, which may also be coupled with economic disadvantage and inconsistent living arrangements (Geller, Garfinkel, Cooper, Mincy, 2009) can be an extremely difficult experience for children. It should come as no surprise that families with children suffer eco nomic strain and instability when a parent is imprisoned, considering how each parent in today’s world typically needs to set aside time to earn an income to support their family, and most are unable to support their homes on one income. While it may be considered intrusive to some to intervene in the lives of children and families with incarcerated parents, research has suggested that there are positive societal benefits to intervening in the lives of incarcerated parents and theirShow MoreRelatedThe New Jim Crow By Michelle Alexander1313 Words   |  6 Pages The New Jim Crow Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness examine the Jim Crow practices post slavery and the mass incarceration of African-American. The creation of Jim Crows laws where used as a tool to promote segregation among the minority and white American. Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass takes a look at Jim Crow laws and policies were put into place to block the social progression African-American from the post-slavery to the civilRead MoreThe New Jim Crow By Michelle Alexander1316 Words   |  6 Pages The New Jim Crow Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness examine the Jim Crow practices post slavery and the mass incarceration of African-American. The creation of Jim Crows laws were used as a tool to promote segregation among the minority and white American. Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass takes a look at Jim Crow laws and policies were put into place to block the social progression African-American from the post-slavery to theRead MoreIs The Mass Incarceration Of Blacks The New Jim Crow?1540 Words   |  7 PagesIs the Mass Incarceration of Blacks the new Jim Crow? American has a legacy of the mistreatment and disenfranchisement of African Americans. The same bad treatment that many think only took place in the past is in fact still intact, it’s just presented in a new way. The mass incarceration of blacks in the Unites States can be attributed to the â€Å"racial hierarchy† that has always existed. The U.S contributes to about 5% of the worlds overall population, and about 25% of the worlds prison populationRead More An Analysis of Broken On All Sides724 Words   |  3 PagesBroken On All Sides is a 2012 documentary film directed by Matthew Pillischer. Though it primarily focuses on the county jail system in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the message of the film greatly extends to the rest of the United States. In a nation where over one in one hundred of U.S. adults are incarcerated, the United States imprisons the greatest number of people in the world (Petit, 2012). In fact, though the U.S. only makes up five percent of the w orld’s population, it incarcerates a quarterRead MoreSocial Inequality Is A Persistent Issue That Affects The1106 Words   |  5 Pagesunit, churches and communities. Therefore, social inequality impacts poverty and wealth through labeling, mass incarceration, crime, education and the creation of the working poor. Labeling Society imposed labels on poverty and wealth creates a strain on upward mobility through symbolic interactionism. While resources and power are often studied in relationship to social inequality, the effects of labeling are often neglected. This is troubling as labeling is one of the leading factors in statusRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography on Incarceration Rate: Is It Such a Good Thing776 Words   |  3 PagesIncarceration Rate: Is It Such a Good Thing Annotated Bibliography Clear, Todd R. Imprisoning communities: How Mass Incarceration Makes Disadvantaged Neighborhoods Worse. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. Print. This book written by Bert Todd R. Clear, a distinguished Professor at John Jay College of Criminal Justice, was published in 2007 at the Oxford University Press being a summary of a number of sources. Clear is an accredited source because he is the founding editor of the journalRead MoreAnalysis Of Mass Incarceration In Ava Duvernay1523 Words   |  7 PagesMass incarceration, particularly the disproportionate number of African Americans in prison, remains an issue that is both altogether settled, but at the same time unresolved. There still exists a pervasive idea that many people of color tend to be trouble makers, and thus are directly responsible for their own mass incarceration; however, this theory creates more questions than it answers. Furthermore, it does not address why mass incarceration continues even after it has been recognized as a seriousRead MorePositive And Negative Impacts Of The Correctional System1514 Words   |  7 Pagessystem as a whole has a significant im pact on the United States. From policy, incarceration, sexual victimization, and those who oversee correctional facilities it all takes a toll on the country. Simply stated, it is the butterfly effect seen in action. When one decision, action, or lack thereof is implemented there will either be positive or negative consequences. Statistics encompassing sexual victimization, incarceration rates in the United States, segregation in prison all create an environmentRead MoreSummary Of The New Jim Crow1742 Words   |  7 PagesWorks Cited Alexander, Michelle. The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. New York: New Press, 2010. 261 Pages â€Å"The New Jim Crow† Summary â€Å"The New Jim Crow† was written by Michelle Alexander based off of her experience working for the ACLU of Oakland in which she saw racial bias in the justice system that constituted people of color second-class citizens (Alexander 3); which is why the comparison had been made to the Jim Crow laws that existed in the nineteenth centuryRead MoreRace, Incarceration, And American Values Essay1141 Words   |  5 Pages A Summary of Race, Incarceration, and American Values The book Race, Incarceration, and American Values describes mass incarceration as essentially a legalized form of genocide that is slowly destroying the fiber of African American families and communities. It provides explanations for the origin of mass incarceration as well as the reasons for the disproportionate level of African Americans in the prison system. Glenn Loury, along with Pamela Karian, Tommie Shelby, and Loic Wacquant discuss how

The Effects Of Physical Education On Children - 1594 Words

According to the New York Times the United States is the 11th worst country for obesity rates out of 15 developed countries and the Program for International Student Assessment measurement found the U.S. ranked 31st in math literacy and 23rd in science (Klein). Since 1980, the obesity rate for children has been rising at a steady rate, while the education and cognitive ability of children has been falling at a steady rate. We can assume there is correlation between the physical fitness of children and their cognitive ability and come to the conclusion that exercise is crucial to the development and cognitive ability of children. It is estimated that almost 48 percent of schools in the U.S. do not have physical education class. In order to†¦show more content†¦PE teaches children how to participate in many sports and activities and introduces new fun ways to be active. A student might not know he or she likes a sport until being taught at school. For example, I was not fan of ultimate Frisbee growing up. I was made to play it in PE class and I ended up loving it. Now I own a few Frisbees—which are extremely cheap—and I play Frisbee every chance I get. This is just one example of an easy to learn, fun, low cost sport that PE taught me. A school can also add a lifetime sport requirement to their curriculum. This will give the students an opportunity to learn a sport that they can play its entire life and will increase their chances of living an active lifestyle. According to Figure 1, students who take P.E. in schools are far more likely to be active outside of school. Life time sports not only act as a way to stay fit but also as a social outlet (Emerson). Many of them require a partner or an opponent. Lifetime sports are great activities to strengthen relationships with people. If a student knows a lifetime sport, it increases their chances of living an active lifestyle. Figure 1. (Holland). Schools need to encourage students to participate in sports and active extracurricular activities. Sports and extracurricular activities are crucial to the student’s social development. â€Å"Sports programs teach students about teamwork, goal-setting, the pursuit of excellence in performance, and many other

Behavioral Program Free Essays

Much of real-life behavior is like this: responses are learned because they operate on, or effect the environment. Referred to as an operant conditioning, this kind of learning occurs in human’s species, as well as in lower species. Alone in a crib, a baby may kick and twist and coo spontaneously. We will write a custom essay sample on Behavioral Program or any similar topic only for you Order Now When left by itself, a dog may pad back and forth, sniff, or perhaps pick up a ball, drop it, and play with it. In the case study presented, Claire apparently learned that her tantrums had given her the leverage to get what she wants and this definitely is also a picture of operant conditioning in application. Neither organism is responding to the onset or offset of a specific external stimulus. Rather, they are operating on their environment. Once the organism performs a certain behavior, however, the likelihood that the action will be repeated depends on its consequences. The baby will coo more often if each such occurrence is followed by parental attention, just as what happens to Claire, and the dog will pick up the ball more often if petting or a food reward follows this action. If one would think of the baby as having a goal of parental attention, and the dog as having a goal of food, then operant conditioning amounts to learning that a particular behavior leads to attaining a particular goal (Atkinson, 1993). Theoretical framework Instrumental conditioning, in the strict sense, is based on the concept and idea of Burrhus Frederick Skinner or B. F. Skinner. Like John Watson, Skinner insists that psychologists concern themselves only with observable behavior; that is, the psychologist should study behavior as it is and nothing more. Hence, Skinner tried to look for lawful processes in behavior with the use of rats and pigeons (Atkinson, 1993). Operant conditioning may then play a role in attitude formation where parents tend to reward their children for expressing attitudes that coincide with their own and to punish or ignore then for expressing attitudes that deviate from them (Atkinson, 1993). Applications of the theory Applications of operant conditioning to a child focus on the temporal relation between a response and its reinforcer. Laboratory experiments have shown that immediate reinforcement is more effective than delayed; the more time between an operant response and a reinforcer the less is the strength of the response. Many developmental psychologists have noted that the delay of reinforcement is an important factor in dealing with young children. If a child acts kindly towards a pet, the act can best be strengthened by praising (rewarding) the child immediately, rather than waiting until later. Similarly, if a child hits someone without provocation, this aggressive behavior will more likely be eliminated if the child is punished immediately rather than waiting until later (Atkinson, 1993). Allen and Harris (1966) report on a research on the successful elimination of a child’s incessant scratching by first teaching the mother the idea behind operant conditioning. Another study though not so related with Claire’s case is the application of instrumental conditioning in motivating oneself to lose weight (Collier, 1969). Reinforcement- is anything that increases the probability that a particular response will increase in frequency. The presentation (positive) or removal (negative) of particular consequences may reinforce responses. Thus, reinforcement may be either positive or negative. Positive reinforcer. Increases the probability that an operant will occur when it is applied, or it increases the likelihood that a particular response will occur. When Claire gets praised whenever she responds in a quiet manner if her wishes were not granted immediately, she is likely to consistently follow this rewarded behavior. This is an example of positive reinforcement. Negative reinforcer. Increases the probability that an operant will occur when it is removed. People often learn to plan ahead so that they need not fear that things will go wrong. Fear acts as a negative reinforcer, because removal of fear increases the probability that the behaviors preceding it will be repeated (Rathus, 1990). Putting the Behavioral Program in Motion: Since it is predictable that Claire will put on a tantrum anytime of the day for whatever it may fancy her, the parents must know or be knowledgeable about why it happens. The parents must be thoroughly acquainted with the notion of operant conditioning. Claire obviously has learned in a number of events that whenever she puts on a tantrum her parents cannot help but react according to her wishes instead of according to theirs. They must understand that, 1) Claire’s behavior (e. g. tantrums) will not be changed in an instant or overnight, if that’s to be realistic; 2) that they will probably be tempted to succumb for fear of the unknown or fear of what might happen to their daughter; 3) that they should not give in to their fears or to anger or frustration when the child will not learn immediately. When Claire goes into fits (which is usually the behavioral manifestation of a child in tantrums) like when she demands to have something that should not be hers, both parents must agree never to give in and instead, to leave where the event is happening. If it is happening inside the house, they must leave the area out of sight of the child but close enough to know what’s happening with her but never without her knowing. This must be done repeatedly until she learns to adapt; if inside a store or in a public area, either parent must anticipate these scenarios to happen and must come up with a variety of diversions. Both must be skillful enough that their diversion tactic must not be another venue or channel for Claire to use her manipulative abilities. The goal then is to make her know eventually that the child is not in command. The real goal is that parents must be the one in control in a firm manner and the child must come to accept her parents’ superior ability and that her good is their ultimate concern. Measuring the Success of the Behavioral Program The strength of an operant response can be measured by its resistance to extinction; that is, by how long it takes for the behavior to return to its original rate once the pleasant consequent consequence following the behavior no longer occurs. It is thus told that it is generally correct that for an operant response to be strengthened, the response should be rewarded. But reward in ordinary language denotes things such as money, candy, or praise. There would be times, however, that a reward will not always strengthen an operant response. Suppose, in this instance with Claire, that one of the parents or both parents would give Claire a candy or chocolate but if the problem is to withhold food such as these from her then it will be another dilemma that the parents are getting into. Hence, psychologists prefer to speak of reinforcement/s rather than reward. The withdrawal of a negative reinforcer will also increase the likelihood of a particular behavior. It is clear that it is possible to increase the occurrence of the desired response by presenting or withdrawing a positive or a negative reinforcer, respectively. Note that positive and negative reinforcers do not connote â€Å"good† or â€Å"bad. † Psychologists neither call a positive reinforcer â€Å"good† reinforcer, nor a negative reinforcer a â€Å"bad† reinforcer. To eliminate tantrums then, the parents withhold the reinforcer (the attention), the tantrums should extinguish eventually if the parents can hold long enough. Measuring then the success of the program is through the length of time Claire spends in crying from the first time attention was withheld (probably from an hour to 45 minutes the next time it happens); then the second time; the third time and so on and this can be usually noticeable within only one week or seven days. Reference: Allen, K. E. , Harris, F. R. (1966). Elimination of a child’s excessive scratching by training the mother in reinforcement procedures. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 4, 79-84. Atkinson, R. L. , R. C. Atkinson, E. E. Smith, D. J. Bem, and S, Nolen-Hoeksema. 1993. Introduction to psychology. 13th Ed. New York: Harcourt College Publishers. Collier, G. (1969). Body weight loss as a measure of motivation in hunger and thirst. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 157, 594-609. Rathus, S. A. 1990. Understanding child development. New York; Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. How to cite Behavioral Program, Papers

Shine - the Entrepreneur’s Journey

Question: Discuss what you see as the main point(s) raised in this video in relation to the overarching themes introduced in this course. Answer: The film is a testimonial from various successful entrepreneurs across the world who ventured in different businesses that turned out prosperous. the featured entrepreneurs take us through their pitfalls, struggles and how they eventually became the role models they are now. in a nutshell, i can argue that the film is basically all about inspiring young minds and those who are afraid of venturing that indeed entrepreneurship can be life changing. Entrepreneurship is definitely not an easy thing as some of the testimonials depict in the film. tough decisions and challenges that entrepreneurs face in their endeavours are brought to light with some occurrences proving tragic to the entrepreneurs. this innocence gets people prepared and makes them aware of what to expect. entrepreneurship according to the film can also turn out to be an emotional rollercoaster considering the fact that most of these entrepreneurs learned from mistakes that costed them dearly. the film also highlights the need for young entrepreneurs to be able to incorporate risk taking into their daily lives as this is one of the characteristics that a successful entrepreneur should posses and that they should learn to let go. a novelty seeking gene that determines how an individual desires to venture into new ideas will help someone become an entrepreneur according to Scott shane, a professor of entrepreneurial studies. a healthy work-life balance is also emphasised in the film because entrepreneurs essentially tend to push themselves to the limits and in the process forego other important aspects of life such as their marriage, health and the priceless time with loved ones. some of these things are likely to get out of hand very quickly with entrepreneurship and we can see the evidence of that in the film as Bruce Livingstone founder of istockphoto describes how he lost touch with his loved ones and deeply regrets having an improper work-life balance. as the fundamental purpose of this film, inspiration to venture into entrepreneurship stands out as the key theme of this film. all through the film we are taken through stories both happy and sad but what the message we eventually end up with is that we should never be afraid to take action and venture into entrepreneurship. nearly all the interviewed entrepreneurs narrate an account on how they were uncomfortable with their previous jobs with some expressing how oppressive they were and all they wanted was to be their own bosses. elements of freedom can be identified all through the film and the key message that all these interviewed entrepreneurs want to put across is that entrepreneurship offerers a sense of fulfilment, freedom and happiness despite the various challenges that have been put across. SHINE is quite an inspirational film, especially to those individuals who have doubts about venturing into entrepreneurship. what it does in essence is that it gets them ready for what lies ahead highlighting the various pitfalls that are likely to occur while at the same time offering a first hand account on the dos and donts pertaining the concept of entrepreneurship. many people can relate to the ideas being put across in this film and more so learn from it. References Biznik.com. (2016). SHINE Film | Biznik. Shineyourstrengths.com. (2016). Shine Your Strengths Blog Archive SHINE: The EntrepreneurÂâ‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ¢â€ž ¢s Journey. Widjaya, I. (2013). Lessons Learned from SHINE: The Entrepreneur's Journey - a MUST WATCH Short Film. YouTube. (2016). Shine The Entrepreneur's Journey.